Herbs L to N

Althaea officinalis L. Marshmallow

Family: Malvaceae
Description: “Robust perennial with fleshy taproot and upright, downy stems. Leaves are velvety, round to ovate, 3-8cm across. Continue reading “Marshmallow” »

Commiphora molmol Engl. Myrrh

Family: Burseraceae
Description: Oleo-gum-resin obtained from stem of shrub, or small tree, where in forms in caries in phloem; as either rounded or irregular tears, 1.5-2cm in diameter or in agglutinated masses; reddish- brown to yellow, dry and dusty; brittle ‘fracture’ with granular translucent surface, rich-brown in colour and often with whitish spots or veins. Aromatic odour.
Habitat: NE Africa esp. Ethiopia, Sudan, and southern Arabia.
Harvest: See above. NB. Resin not soluble in water so must be prepared in alcohol and used in tincture.

Part used: Resinous sap.
Dosage: 1:5 Tincture, 90%: 1-2ml tds. As a gargle or mouthwash, use 5ml of tincture in a glass of water (Bradley, 1992).

Character: Hot, dry; acrid, bitter (Ody, 1993).

Actions:
ANTISEPTIC,
ASTRINGENT (topically and on mucosal membranes -Mills, 1993);
anti-inflammatory, (Bradley, 1992
anti-cholestrolaemic (Mills, 1993);
anti-fungal;
immune stimulant;
circulatory stimulant;
expectorant;
reduces phlegm, (Ody, 1993).

Organ systems: Respiratory;

Indications:
-upper respiratory tract and gastro intestinal infections, especially in children (-AD);
-infectious, feverish conditions (Ody, 1993);

External usage:
-(undiluted tincture) sinusitis, minor skin inflammations (Bradley, 1992); acne, boils (AD);
-As a gargle: pharyngitis, tonsillitis;
-As a mouthwash: gingivitis, aphthous ulcers (Bradley, 1992);

Safety: Very safe.
Contra-indications: Pregnancy (uterine stimulant), (Ody, 1993); ‘tight’ coughs, asthma (due to sesquiterpenes), AD.

Key Constituents (Mills, 1993):
-25-40% resin, incl. triterpenes, alcohols and esters;
-around 60% gum;
-up to 14% volatile oil, incl. primarily sesquiterpenes and some monoterpenes;

Pharmacology: in vitro anti-microbial activity reported for resin and suggestion that [in C. abyssinica only? -see Wren] stimulates phagocytosis [ingestion of bacteria, foreign bodies by specialised cells]; also appears to reduce cholesterol and fat levels in blood streams, (Mills, 1993); anti- inflammatory effects in rats, (Wren, 1988).
Toxicology: No studies found.

History: Highly regarded throughout history, one of gifts of Magi. Burned by Ancient Egyptian women to rid homes of fleas, (Ody, 1993).

Traditional and Practitioner sources:
“The marvellous effects that it worketh in newe and greene wounds, were heere to long to set downe…” Gerard, 1597 (Ody, 1993)

“TINCTURE It is ideal for upper respiratory problems, and can be added to expectorant mixtures.” Penelope Ody, 1993: 50.

“Neat tincture of myrrh, perhaps mixed with that of calendula (also an anti-inflammatory resin), is an excellent topical lotion for application to fungal infections of the nails and skin.” Simon Mills, 1993:502.

Convallaria majalis L. Lily of the Valley

Family: Liliaceae
Description: “Creeping perennial with pairs of ovate to elliptic leaves. Racemes of 5-13 white, fragrant, bell-shaped flowers, waxy in texture, appear in late spring, followed by globose, red berries. H 23-30cm, S indefinite.” (Bown, 1995:111)
Habitat: Found in Eurasia and Northern temperate regions; in ‘valleys,’ deciduous woodland and damp gardens.
Harvest: Leaves, or leaves and flowers, are picked in spring and used fresh or dried in tinctures and fluid extracts. (Bown, 1995)

Parts used: Leaves
Dosage: 1:5 Tincture: 0.5-0.75ml tds, Dried: 150mg tds

Actions:
-CARDIAC TONIC,
-DIURETIC,
-Antispasmodic

Organ systems: Cardiovascular

Indications:
-Congestive heart failure;
-dyspnea [shortness of breath];
-atrial fibrillation [rapid irregular twitchings of muscle wall],
-arrhythmia.

Safety: Schedule III herb. Heart rate must be monitored as conduction defects can be exacerbated and ventricular extrasystoles or tachycardia may arise. In practice, doses up to 15ml a week well- tolerated (AD).

Contra-indications: Fitted Pacemaker; with dijoxin; caution with slow heart rate.

Key Constituents:
-Cardioactive glycosides: Cardenolides, (0.1-0.4%), incl. convallatoxin, convallatoxol
-Saponin
-Flavonoids, incl. quercitin, kaempferol, luteolin, apigenin, asparagin (diuetic)

Pharmacology: Cardiac glycosides found to inhibit active ion transport across cell membrane, ultimately stimulating calcium release from intercellular storage sites and leading to formation of contractile protein, actomyosin. By thus increasing myocardial contractility, the force of systolic contraction and therefore ventricular pressure is increased, increasing ejection and thus output; systole is shortened, resulting in a longer refractory period, and , by vagral reflex, a slowing of heart rate; thus it increases the efficiency of the failing heart. (AD)

History: Use dates back to at least 2nd century AD, when appears in a herbal by Apuleius. Similar in action to Digitalis species but less cumulative and therefore safer for elderly patients. (Bown, 1995) It proved useful in cases of poisonous gassing of soldiers at the Front in WW1 (Grieves, 1985)

Traditional and Practitioner sources:
“It without doubt strengthens the brain and renovates a weak memory. The distilled water dropped into the eyes helps inflammations thereof. The spirit of the flowers…is exceedingly good in the apoplexy, comforteth the heart and vital spirits.” Culpeper (Grieves, 1985)

“Cardiac tonic trophorestorative: increases coronary circulation and myocardial action. Suitable for all cardiac disturbances, but especially in conditions of incipient decompensation.
-Indications:
-Acute heart failure with oedema -use Tinct. Convallaria flor.;
-Dyspnoea, orthopnoea, anasarea;
-Congestive heart failure -use with Leonurus;
-Cardiac asthma, anginal syndromes;
-Endocarditis -use with Echinacea and/ or Phytolacca;
-Mitral insufficiency, dilation.” Priest and Priest (1983: 90)

“For excessive nervous irritability, mix half an ounce each of Lily of the Valley, Limeflowers, Hops and Skullcap herb and scald with two pints of boiling water; allow to stand tightly covered until cool…the dose is from a tablespoon to a wineglass 3-4 times daily.” William Smith (1977: 103)

Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Milk Thistle

Family: Compositae
Synonym: Carduus marianum
Description: “Stout annual or biennial with large, oblong, lobed or pinnately-cut leaves, with spiny margins and variegated veins. Purple flowers are followed in summer by black seeds, each bearing a tuft of white hairs. H 1.2m, S 60cm. Fully hardy.” (Bown, 1995: 203)
Habitat: Throughout Europe, Mediterranean regions and mountains of E Africa. Rare in Britain.
Harvest: “Plants are cut when flowering; seeds collected when ripe.” (Bown, 1995:353)

Parts used: Seeds, Aerial parts
Dosage: 1:5 Tincture: 2-5ml tds, Fluid Extract: 1-3ml tds, Dried: 1.5-3g tds

Actions:
-HEPATOPROTECTIVE,
-Hepatic TROPHORESTORATIVE,
-Antioxidant,
-Choleretic

Indications:
-Liver and gallbladder problems
-Non-alcoholic and alcoholic liver damage/ disease, incl. abnormal liver function, diabetes secondary to cirrhosis, fatty liver, exposure to chemical pollutants (all*)
-Preventative agent for conditions caused by oxidative stress; gallstone formation; possible antiallergenic and anti-inflammatory (all**)
-Amanita phalloides (deathcap mushroom) poisoning* (Mills and Bone, 2000)
-Hepatoprotective action useful in diabetes

Safety: Very safe.
Contra-indications: None known.

Key Constituents (Mills and Bone, 2000):
-Flavanolignans (1.5-3%): silybin, silychristin, silydianin and 2,3-dehydro derivatives (collectively known as silymarin)
-Fixed oil (20-30%), flavonoids, taxifolin, sterols

Pharmacology: Extensive animal experiments and in vitro studies have demonstrated the following: Antioxidant activity -scavenges free radicals; Increased effects on detoxification mechanisms; Hepatoprotective activity, probably involving 1) antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and increasing intracellular concentration of glutathione, 2) regulatory action on cellular membrane permeability and an increase in its stability against xenobiotic injury, 3) activity at nuclear level: enhancing synthesis of ribosomal RNA and proteins and thereby cellular regeneration; a possible steroid-like behaviour on control of DNA expression; Anticholestatic activity against paracetamol; Anticholesterolaemic effect in rats fed high cholesterol diet; Anti-tumour -inhibited growth of human ovarian and breast cancer cell lines in vitro; Anti-inflammatory activity. (See Mills and Bone, 2000: pp554-557.)

Clinical trials: Successful studies demonstrated on sufferers of non-alcoholic liver damage, alcoholic liver disease, cirrhosis and Amanita phalloides poisoning. (See Mills and Bone, 2000: pp557-560)

Toxicology: Long term studies have failed to demonstrate toxicity (as above).

History: Legend has it that variegated leaves caused by Virgin Mary’s milk as it ran down the plant. Silybum from Greek silybon, a Dioscorides term for thistle-like plants.

Traditional and Practitioner sources:
“It cleanses the blood exceedingly: and in spring, if you…boil the tender plant, it will change your blood as the season changes.” Culpeper, 1653 (Culpeper, 1995: 255)

“To encourage liver cell renewal and repair in degenerative conditions, eg. alcoholism: Take an infusion; or up to 10ml tincture a day in hot water allowed to cool.” Penelope Ody, 1993: 154.

Filipendula ulmaria L. Meadowsweet, Queen of the Meadow

Family: Rosaceae
Description: “Herbaceous perennial, with irregularly pinnate leaves. Large heads of creamy-white, almond-scented flowers borne from mid-summer to early autumn. H 60-120cm, S 45cm. Fully hardy.” (Bown, 1995: 128)
Habitat: Moist or boggy soils throughout Europe, N America and temperate Asia (as above).
Harvest: “Plants are cut as flowering begins” (Bown, 1995: 283)

Part used: Dried flowers and herb
Dosage: 1:5 Tincture: 2-4ml tds, Fluid Extract: 1-3ml tds, Dried:2-6g tds.

Character: Cold, astringent taste; both moist and drying (Ody, 1993).

Actions:
-ANTI-INFLAMMATORY,
-anti-ulcerogenic,
-antacid,
-astringent,
-mild urinary antiseptic, possibly diuretic (Mills and Bone, 2000),
-febrifuge,
-stomachic (Wren, 1988)

Organ systems: Digestive, Urinary (Musculoskeletal)

Indications:
-Children’s diarrhoea; disorders of gastro-intestinal tract associated with flatulence and hyperactivity (Mills and Bone, 2000); gastric ulceration** and excess acidity (Ody, 1993)
-Urinary disorders (cystitis, kidney stones); cervical dysplasia*
-Gout and rheumatic disease
-Fevers (Mills and bone, 2000); feverish colds (Ody, 1993)

External usage:
-Use compress soaked in dilute tincture for painful arthritic or rheumatic joints and neuralgia;
-Cool and strain an infusion to use as eyewash for conjunctivitis and other eye complaints (Ody, 1993);
-wound healing** (Mills and Bone, 2000)

Safety: No significant adverse effects but caution should be taken with patients of known salicylate sensitivity, eg. aspirin, or taking ‘Warfarin’ (Mills and Bone, 2000).

Contra-indications: ‘Warfarin’ prescribed patients.

Key Constituents (Mills and Bone, 2000):
-Flavonoids, 3-5%, primarily rutin and other glycosides of quercetin; kaempferol glycosides.
-Phenolic glycosides incl. spiraein (salicylaldehyde primveroside) in the flowers, monotropitin in the flowers and leaves and isosalicin, a glucoside of salicyl alcohol.
-Essential oil, 0.2% from flowers, contains salicylaldehyde (75%), phenylethyl alcohol (3%), benzyl alcohol (2%), methylsalicylate (1.3%) and others.
-Tannins, 10-15%, primarily rugosin-D.

Pharmacology (as above): Antiulcerogenic activity shown in experiments with rats: prevented acetylsalicylic acid-induced lesions of stomach and promoted healing of lesions. Alcohol extracts and water decoctions of flowers also decreased development of experimental erosion and ulcers in vivo. In vitro studies also demonstrated Immunomodulatory activity; this may suggest effective use of meadowsweet in inflammatory disease. In vitro also shown Antimicrobial activity against Staph. aureus, E. coli and others. Also high Antibacterial activity suitable for wounds. Anticoagulent activity in flowers and seeds; decrease in induced cancers of cervix and vagina in mice; moderate inhibitory effect on CNS activity.

Clinical trials (as above): ‘Cervical dysplasia’- of 48 cases, 32 positive results recorded and complete remission in 25 cases. No recurrence in 10 of completely cured patients within 12 months.

Toxicology (as above): Animal studies on flowers and alcoholic and aqueous extracts suggest without toxic effects.

History: One of herbs held most sacred by the Druids (also watermint and vervain). Ingredient in ‘Save’, mentioned in Chaucer’s ‘Knight’s Tale.’; still used in many herb beers. (Grieve, 1985)

Traditional and Practitioner sources:
“The flowers boiled in wine and drunke, do take away the fits of a quartaine fever” Gerard, 1597 (Ody, 1995: 58)

“…helps speedily those troubled with the cholic,…outwardly, it helps old ulcers that are cankerous…as also for sores in mouth and secret parts” Culpeper, 1653 (1995: 208)

“Mild stimulating tonic astringent: relieves genito-urinary irritation. Restores normal balance to gastric secretory function. Indications:
-Summer diarrhoea in children;
-Diarrhoea, bowel disturbance;
-Dyspepsia with hyperchlorhydria -with Agrimonia;
-Eructations, oesophageal burning;
-Febrile conditions with successive heat -strong infusion: small cup every 2-3 hours.” Priest and Priest, (1983: 98).

Melissa officinalis L. Balm, Lemon Balm, Cure-all

Family: Labiatae
Description: “Lemon-scented perennial with a 4-angled stem and ovate, toothed leaves, 3-7cm long. Insignificant, pale yellow flowers are produced in axillary clusters in summer. H 30-80cm, S 30-45cm. Fully hardy.” (Bown, 1995: 157)
Habitat: Common throughout Europe to Central Asia; native to S Europe, W Asia and N Africa; widely cultivated.
Harvest: “…cut as flowering begins.” (Bown, 1995: 311)

Part used: Herb.
Dosage: 1:5 Tincture: 2-5ml tds, Fluid Extract: 1-3ml tds, Dried: 2-4g tds. (AD)

Character: Cold, dry, sour, slightly bitter (Ody, 1993).

Actions:
-RELAXANT,
-ANTISPASMODIC,
-CARMINATIVE,
-DIAPHORETIC,
-peripheral vasodilator (Mills, 1993),
-sedative,
-anti-depressant,
-antiviral,
-antibacterial (Ody, 1993)

Organ systems: Nervous system (esp. Central); Digestive.

Indications: Excellent and very safe children’s remedy. Similar properties to C. recutita.
-Management of fevers with a tension component (Mills, 1991); early stages of colds and ‘flu.
-Depression, nervous exhaustion*
-Indigestion, nausea (Ody, 1993)

External usage:
-Coldsores from Herpes simplex virus* (Wren, 1988)
-Sores, painful swellings (such as gout), insect bites (Ody, 1993).

Safety: Very safe.
Contra-indications: None yet recorded.

Key Constituents:
-Volatile oil (0.1-0.2%), inc. monoterpenes: citral, citronellal, geraniol, etc.
-Bitters (Mills,1993)
-Polyphenols, inc. tannins, rosmarinic acid
-Flavonoids in low concentrations
-Triterpenic acids (Wren, 1988)

Clinical trials: Antiviral activity confirmed in both in vitro and clinical trial (Wren, 1988). Monoterpenes shown to have central nervous calming, antiseptic and antispasmodic activities. Clear clinical improvement also seen in treatment of ‘psychological-autonomic’ problems, such as those accompanied with symptoms of excitability, restlessness, headaches and palpitations (Mills,1993)

History: Melissa derives from the Greek for “honey-bee” and lemon balm shares similar healing and tonic properties to honey and royal jelly. It was a valued ingredient in medieval “elixirs of youth”. Also a preparation by Paracelsus, “primum ens melissae” and thought to “renew youth” even in 18th century (Ody, 1993).

Traditional and Practitioner sources:
“Balm is sovereign for the brain, strengthening the memory and powerfully chasing away melancholy.” John Evelyn, 1679 (Ody, 1993: 78)

“Seraphio says, it causes the mind and heart to become merry, and revives the heart, faintings and swoonings, especially of such who are overtaken in sleep, and drives away all troublesome cares out of the mind, which Avicen also confirms.” Culpeper, 1653 (Culpeper, 1995: 22)

Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Lavender, English lavender

Family: Labiatae
Description: “Small summer-flowering shrub with downy, linear leaves up to 6cm long which are white at first, becoming greener. Tiny purple flowers appear on stalks up to 35cm tall. H and S 60-90cm. Fully hardy.” (Bown, 1995)
Habitat: Native to Mediterranean region.
Harvest: Flowers are picked as they begin to open (Bown).

Parts used: FLOWERS
Dosage: 1:5 2-8ml, FE 1-2ml, dried 5-15g daily;

Actions:
-CARMINATIVE,
-SPASMOLYTIC,
-ANTI-DEPRESSANT (Wren, 1988);
-RELAXANT,
-CIRCULATORY STIMULANT,
-ANTIBACTERIAL,
-ANALGESIC (Ody, 1993);

Indications:
-Sleeplessness, especially assoc. with coughing or tension,
-Anxiety or irritability, esp. with muscular tension/ spasms, panic attacks, palpitations, dizziness;
-Headaches or nervous tension incl. migraine, especially with poor digestion,
-Flatulent dyspepsia,
-Over-excitement [AD];

External usage (ESSENTIAL OIL):
-Insect bites, stings (Ody);
-Burns (dilute for large burns),
-Headaches, rheumatic pain, muscular tension (as massage 5drops per 10ml BC),
-Acne, and as addition to skin creams for psoriasis, eczema (AD);
Also see ‘sources’ below

Safety: Good for children -use 25% normal strength for babies.
Contra-indications: Do not use if using insulin for diabetes (Brooke, 1992);

Key Constituents (Wren):
-Volatile oil, about 0.5-1%,
-Coumarins,
-Triterpenes, incl. ursolic acid,
-Flavonoids, incl. luteolin;

Pharmacology: Oil is reported to show CNS depressant activity in mice and be anti-microbial (Wren, 1988).

Clinical trials: None found.
Toxicology: No studies found.

History: Name derives from Latin lavare, to wash. In European folk tradition regarded as useful wound herd and worm remedy for children (Ody). Was dedicated to Hecate, Medea and Circe and used to avert the Evil Eye; called ‘elf leaf’ by witches. Worn together with rosemary is said to preserve chastity. (Brooke, 1992)

Traditional and Practitioner sources:
“Take the infusion for nervous exhaustion, tension headaches or during labour; also for colic and indigestion.
Take up to 5ml tincture, twice a day, for headaches and depression.
Use as a mouthwash for halitosis.” Penelope Ody, 1993: 73

“Use in place of Valerian for insomnia -less addictive and side-effects.” AD

“For insomnia where there is physical tension or a mind which cannot slow down and stop thinking, for women who work with their intellect and find it difficult to wind down at the end of the day. [Also] for those whose minds are not receiving enough stimulation during the day and are still awake at night.
[It] can be used to wean people off addictive substances. [NB] for anyone who has taken benzodiazapenes…cut the dose down gradually under the watchful eye of a physician, complementary or orthodox.
To stop a [migraine] attack, draw a hot bath and drop 15-20 drops of essential oil into it . Lie still in the bath for 15-20 minutes, keeping the water hot. Then lie in a darkened room.
Lavender acts as a digestive stimulant. It acts on the liver, clearing stagnation due to excess blood; it strengthens the stomach and reduces bloating after meals, wind, distension and poor absorption of food.
Lavender is a herb of the solar plexus which reside above the navel, and as such is concerned with the assimilation of external stimuli.” Elisabeth Brooke, 1992: 200

“Lavender oil can be used for:
-Respiratory infections in babies and children; otitis media.
-Anxiety, agitation, insomnia, tachycardia.
-Spastic colon: works on the solar and mesenteric plexus.
-Fungal and other skin infections, rosacea, pruritis, scars, burns, anal fistulae.
-Varicose veins, phlebitis (as an adjuvant).
-Dysmenorrhoea.” Rosalind Blackwell (1991) An insight into aromatic oils: lavender and tea tree. BJP, vol 2, no 1 (AD handout)

Urtica dioica L. Stinging nettle

Family: Urticaceae
Description: “Coarse perennial with creeping yellow roots and ovate, deeply-toothed leaves, covered with bristly, stinging hairs. In summer, minute green flowers, with male and female on separate plants, appear in pendulous clusters up to 10cm long. H 1.5m, S indefinite.” (Bown, 1995)
Habitat: Common weed throughout Eurasia, thriving in waste places everywhere.
Harvest: Whole plants are cut as flowering begins.

Parts used: AERIAL PARTS;
Dosage: 1;5 2-15ml, FE 1-5ml, dried 5-15g daily;

Actions:
-MILD DIURETIC,
-HAEMOSTATIC (Bradley);
-ANTIRHEUMATIC,
-ANTIALLERGIC,
-DEPURATIVE (Mills and Bone);
-TONIC, (Wren);

Indications (leaf):
-Rheumatic conditions (internally or topically) (Bradley), *osteoarthritis,
-*Allergic rhinitis,
-Chronic skin eruptions, eczema, skin disorders -Ody,
-Diarrhoea, dysentery,
-Chronic diseases of colon,
-Internal bleeding,
-Bladder irritations,
-Bronchial or asthmatic conditions (Mills and Bone);
-To increase milk flow while nursing,
-Heavy uterine bleeding (Ody);

Root:
-*Improvement of urological symptoms in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (Mills and Bone);

External usage:
-Burns, wounds, nosebleeds, inflammation of the mouth or throat,
-Joint pain (via the stinging of skin around the joint) (Mills and Bone);

Safety: Occasional (rare) allergic reactions have been observed (Bradley).
Contra-indications: None known (Bradley).

Key Constituents (Bradley):
-Flavonoids,
-Amines: small amounts of histamine, choline, acetylcholine and serotonin, particularly in stinging hairs,
-Chlorophylls, carotenoids, vitamins, triterpenes, sitosterols and carboxylic acids,
-Minerals: a relatively high content, especially of calcium and potassium salts and salicylic acid;

Pharmacology: Early studies demonstrated the diuretic effect of nettles in animals, accompanied by increased excretion of cholides and urea. Flavonoids and the high potassium content may contribute to the diuretic action, which is not fully clarified.
A haemostatic action has been demonstrated, as well as mild hypoglycaemic activity. (Bradley)

Clinical trials: Nettle herb has been found helpful in rheumatic and arthritic conditions. In an open, 14 day study on patients with either myocardial or chronic venous insufficiency, nettle juice produced a distinct diuretic effect.
In a double-blind clinical study of allergic rhinitis, nettle herb gave a feebly positive result. (Bradley) With knowledge of this study, Carole Fisher persevered to obtain very good results using nettle in combination with other herbs. For further details see ‘Nettles -an aid to the treatment of allergic rhinitis’ EJHM (1997) Vol 3, No 2.
Since the 80s, there have also been a number of clinical studies performed on the use of the root in micturation disorders associated with slight and moderate BHP with favourable results. See Bombardelli and Morazzoni (1997) Urtica dioica. Fitoterapia Vol 68, No 5 (AD handout 27.3.01).

Toxicology: In a chronic oral toxicty study, the infusion was well tolerated up to the dose of 1310mg/ kg (Bombardelli). Also see Mills and Bone.

History: Name from Latin urere, to burn. The Anglo-Saxon name noedl, means needle. It is thought that the Romans introduced the nettle to Britain in order to flail themselves with them to keep warm! This ‘urtication’ was a standard folk remedy for arthritis. Nettles were also hung in the house to keep flies away.
Plants are now processed commercially for extraction of chlorophyll which is used as a colouring agent (E140) in foods and medicines (Bown).
Nettles are ruled by Mars with hot and dry qualities. (Brooke, Herbs)

Traditional and Practitioner sources:
“Soak a pad in the tincture and apply to painful arthritic joints, gout, neuralgia, sprains, tendinitis and sciatica.
-Liquidize the whole fresh plant to make a good tonic for debilitated conditions and anaemia. Prescribed for cardiac insufficiency with oedema.” Ody p108

“…traditionally taken as a spring cleanser to clear the body of phlegm which accumulated during the winter rains. So it should be used in asthma, wheezing, mucousy bronchitis and catarrh. Gargled with, it helps to relieve inflammations of the throat, such as tonsillitis and laryngitis.
Nettle is excellent to take in late pregnancy; its high iron content will regulate haemoglobin levels and prevent anaemia and it also stimulates the production of breast milk. Use at any time when there has been loss of blood and the person is anaemic.

Nettle gives a tensile strength to the emotions, rendering them less fragile or overpowering, and allows the woman to contact her own inner resources and feel her own power and resilience.” Brooke (Herbs, p161)

“Nettle tea as an occasional cuppa is a good pick-me-up, especially for post-period women. Any blood loss is technically a ‘haemorrhage’ and can lower blood pressure and iron levels for a few days. For those with chronically low blood pressure, nettle tea every few days may be prescribed.” Dorothy Hall p234.

Tilia europaea Lime flower, Linden

Family: Tiliaceae
Description: “The flowerstalk bears about 3-6 yellowish-white, 5-petalled flowers on stalks half-joined to an oblong bract. The leaves are heart-shaped, greyish beneath and downy; the flowers fragrant.” (Wren, 1988)
Habitat: Europe, including Britain.
Harvest: Flowers are picked in summer.

Parts used: FLOWERS
Dosage: 1:5 2-8ml, FE 1-5ml, dried 3-10g daily;

Actions:
-ANTISPASMODIC,
-DIAPHORETIC,
-SEDATIVE,
-HYPOTENSIVE,
-EMOLLIENT,
-MILDLY ASTRINGENT (Bradley, 1992);
-ANXIOLYTIC (GT);
-PERIPHERAL VASODILATOR (Mills)

Indications:
-Upper respiratory catarrh, common colds. irritable coughs;
-Hypertension, restlessness;
-Headaches, migraine (Bradley);
-Influenza, chills -especially for children,
-Digestive problems and palpitations due to nervous tension,
-Anxiety -combined with Valerian or Melissa (GT);

External usage:
-Topically for skin ailments (Bradley);

Safety: Very safe.
Contra-indications: None known (Bradley)

Key Constituents (Bradley):
-Flavonoids, around 1%, mainly O-glycosides of quercetin and of kaempferol,
-Phenolic acids incl. chlorogenic, caffeic and p-coumaric acids,
-Mucilage, about 3% (esp. in bracts),
-Tannins, about 2%,
-Volatile oil, 0.02-0.1%,
-Benzodiazepine-like compounds in trace amounts;

Pharmacology: Early studies showed extracts given to animals produced hypotensive and vasodilative effects, increased pulse rate and decreased cardiac tone. Diaphoretic effect attributed to the flavonol glycosides and phenolic acids. The mucilage has an emollient action and may also account for soothing effect on irritable coughs. Tannins have an astringent action. Sedative and antispasmodic actions have been attributed to farnesol in the volatile oil, although only a small amount is present. (Bradley)

Clinical trials: In a trial 40 years ago, children prescibed Tilia for “influenza type symptoms” were found to suffer from fewer secondary complications such as middle ear infections than those not taking it. (GT)
Toxicology: No studies found.

History: In folklore, limeflowers were thought to cure epilepsy if the sufferer sat under the tree.

Traditional and Practitioner sources:
“Relaxes and heals blood vessels; helps prevent arteriosclerosis.
For high blood pressure, take an infusion or up to 10ml tincture a day. Combine with hawthorn as a cardiac tonic, or ginkgo if arterioscleriosis is significant.
Also reduces nervous tension:
For anxiety and stress, take as above. Add lemon balm and chamomile to infusion for a generally relaxing tea.” Ody, p148 & 162

“As a strong sedative, limeflowers can be used with great success in cases of persistent insomnia; a strong tea should be drunk half an hour before retiring…They are useful for the treatment of addiction to tranquillizers and can be taken in conjunction with these drugs as their dosage is being reduced.
They are especially good for those who give out more than they take in, who allow themslves to become depleted by their unselfishness and feel tired and jaded.” Brooke (Herbs, p111)

Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Liquorice

Family: Leguminosae
Description: “Variable perennial with stoloniferous roots, downy stems and pinnate leaves, which have 9-17 often sticky leaflets. Pale blue to violet pea flowers are borne in loose spikes, followed by oblong pods up to 3cm long. H 1.5m, S !m.” (Bown, 1995)
Habitat: Native to scrub in south-western Asia and Mediterranean regions.
Harvest: Roots and stolons are lifted in early autumn, 3-4 years after planting.

Parts used: ROOT, STOLONS (underground stems);
Dosage: 1:5 3-5ml, FE 1-3ml, dried 2-15g daily;

Actions:
-ANTI-INFLAMMATORY,
-EXPECTORANT,
-DEMULCENT,
-ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC (Bradley, 1992);
-MUCOPROTECTIVE,
-ANTISPASMODIC,
-MILD LAXATIVE,
-ANTICARIOGENIC -stops formation of dental caries,
-CHOLERETIC,
-also antioxidant and helps lower cholesterol (GT);

Indications:
-Bronchitis,
-Peptic ulcer, chronic gastritis,
-Rheumatism and arthritis,
-Adrenocorticoid insufficiency (Bradley);
-After course of oral steroids (to restimulate adrenal cortex),
-Liver damage, chronic viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver poisoning from chemicals,
-Depression (MAOI effect),
-PCOS,
-Addison’s disease (GT);

External usage:
Use as mouthwash for red and inflamed mouth, tongue and gums (Brooke, Herbs);

Safety: Due to mineralocorticoid effect of glycyrrhizin, the root taken in excessive amounts can cause metabolic disturbances known as ‘pseudoaldosteronism’, leading to potassium depletion, sodium retention, oedema, hypertension and weight gain (Bradley).
Patients on preparations high in GL for prolonged periods should be placed on a high-potassium, low-sodium diet. See Mills and Bone p474 for further details.
Caution should also be applied to the elderly who are more prone to potassium deficiency (GT).

Interactions: There is a slight chance that GL or GA may counteract the contraceptive pill so prolonged use of high doses of liquorice are best avoided in this circumstance (Mills and Bone).

Contra-indications: Hypertension, hypokalaemia, cirrhosis of liver, pregnancy (Bradley); also severe kidney insufficiency (Komm E); oedema and congestive heart failure (Mills and Bone)

Key Constituents (Bradley):
-Triterpene glycosides (saponins), principally glycyrrhizic acid, usually 2-6%, which occurs as a mixture of potassium and calcium salts known as glycyrrhizin. This provides most of the sweetness of liquorice, being some 50 times sweeter than sucrose.
-13 other minor saponins in varying amounts,
-Flavonoids, around 1%, incl. over 30 different types,
-Polysaccharides,
-Misc.: STEROLS, STARCH (ca.20%), SUGARS (5-15%), ASPARAGINE (1-2%) AND BITTER PRINCIPLES;

Pharmacology: Glycyrrhizin produces demulcent and expectorant effects by stimulation of tracheal mucous secretion. The anti-ulcerous activity appears to be related to an increase in the rate of mucous secretion by the gastric mucosa, which is also the case with carbenoxolene, an ester produced synthetically from glycyrrhetic acid and widely used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. Glycyrrhizin is converted into glycyrrhetinic acid in the large intestine.
The root also has a broad anti-inflammatory activity attributed to the steroid-like action of glycyrrhizin and also to liquiritin (a glucoside). Glycyrrhizin is also reputed to have anti-hepatotoxic, anti-bacterial and antiviral activity. (Bradley) For more details see Mills and Bone.

Clinical trials: De-glycyrrhizinised liquorice (containing about 3% of original glycyrrhizin) has proved clinically effective for gastric and duodenal ulcers while being substantially free from the mineralocorticoid side effects. (Bradley) For further trials see Mills andBone.

Toxicology: High doses administered longterm to rats and mice showed no significant effects, except suggestion of pulmonary hypertension. See Mills and Bone p.473

History: Generic name derives from the Greek, meaning ‘sweet root’. It was an important herb in ancient Egypt, Assyria and China but only reached Europe in the 15th century. Introduced to Pontefract, Yorkshire, by Dominican friars, the town became famous for the liquorice lozenges known as Pontefract cakes.

Traditional and Practitioner sources:
“Use the tincture as an anti-inflammatory for arthritic and allergic conditions, as a digestive stimulant or for lung disorders. Helps disguise the flavour of other medicines.” Ody p65

“Liquorice reduces the acidity of the stomach and provides a thick layer of mucilage which protects the lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts to allow for healing to occur…
…Ginseng is a stimulating [adaptogen] whereas liquorice is harmonising. The root is an especially useful adjunct to hormonal treatment in women, the absence of menstruation, problems at puberty and menopause, infertility and miscarriage. It builds the stamina of the woman, increasing her life-force so that she is able to cope with the stresses brought about by these conditions.” Brooke (Herbs p204)